Omar Bennett
Plagiarism is a serious academic offence, and it is important to understand what constitutes plagiarism and how to avoid it. Plagiarism is defined as presenting someone else's work or ideas as your own, with or without their consent, and it applies to all published and unpublished material, including text, illustrations, computer code, and more. While directly copying someone else's work without attribution is a clear form of plagiarism, there are other, more subtle forms that may be less familiar. For example, paraphrasing another person's work by simply rearranging words or sentences without significantly changing the structure or language can also be considered plagiarism. This is because, even with a citation, the reader may assume that the paraphrased text is your own original work. Therefore, it is crucial to clearly distinguish between your ideas and the ideas of others and to provide proper citations and references for any sources used.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Using generally accepted facts or common knowledge shared in a field | Not Plagiarism |
| Using your own photos, artwork, graphics, video, etc. | Not Plagiarism |
| Summarizing your own survey results | Not Plagiarism |
| Using ideas with proper citation | Not Plagiarism |
| Using quotations with proper citation | Not Plagiarism |
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What You'll Learn
Using generally accepted facts or common knowledge
Common knowledge also includes basic knowledge known by those in a specific discipline or field of study. For instance, if you were writing to an audience of scientists, or even to readers familiar with climate science, you wouldn't need to cite a source to assert that human-induced global climate change is happening. The majority of your readers would already know and accept this fact, so it would qualify as common knowledge for that audience.
However, if you were writing to a general audience, it would be wise to cite a specific, authoritative source to support your assertion. When in doubt, it is always safer to cite if you aren't sure whether something is common knowledge. This is because the concept of common knowledge only applies when it is absolutely clear to readers that you, the author, are not the original source of the facts or information in question.
It is important to note that plagiarism involves presenting work or ideas from another source as your own, without full acknowledgement. This includes using material from the internet, another student, or even your own work without proper citation. Good citation practice gives your reader the opportunity to follow up on your references or check the validity of your interpretation.
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Using your own photos, artwork, graphics, videos, etc
Plagiarism is the act of presenting someone else's work or ideas as your own, with or without their consent. This includes copying someone else's words, ideas, or data and presenting them as your own. It is considered plagiarism even if you change a few words here and there, as long as the structure and meaning remain similar. In academic writing, it is considered plagiarism to draw any ideas or language from another source without adequately crediting that source. This includes published and unpublished material in manuscript, printed, or electronic form.
To avoid plagiarism, it is important to always cite your sources using quotation marks, indentation, or references. Quotation marks should be used when using the exact words of a source, and indentation is typically used for longer passages. It is also important to be vigilant about keeping track of your sources and giving proper credit to the authors you use.
However, there are certain types of content that are considered "common knowledge" within specific academic disciplines and may be exempt from traditional citation rules. Common knowledge is information that an educated reader is expected to know, such as the fact that water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit. What is considered common knowledge varies among fields, and when in doubt, it is always better to provide attribution.
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Summarising your own survey results
Summarising survey results can be a great way to present your findings concisely and effectively. However, it's important to be mindful of plagiarism when doing so. Here are some detailed guidelines on how to summarise your own survey results while avoiding plagiarism:
Understand Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the act of presenting someone else's work or ideas as your own without proper acknowledgement. This can include copying text verbatim, paraphrasing without sufficient changes, or failing to cite sources. Remember that plagiarism can occur even if you unintentionally forget to credit a source.
Summarise in Your Own Words
When summarising your survey results, it's crucial to express the findings in your own unique language. Avoid simply rearranging words or sentences from the original source. Try to capture the essence of the results in a way that reflects your own writing style and tone.
Provide In-Text Citations
Even when summarising in your own words, always provide in-text citations to acknowledge the source of the information. This could be in the form of footnotes or parenthetical citations, depending on the citation style you are using. Make sure the citations are placed near the summarised content to ensure clear attribution.
Include Full References
In addition to in-text citations, provide a full list of references or works cited at the end of your document. This allows readers to easily locate the original sources and gives proper credit to the authors or creators of the surveyed content.
Be Mindful of Self-Plagiarism
Remember that reusing your own previous work without citation can also be considered self-plagiarism. If you are drawing on results from your past surveys or research, be sure to cite your previous work as you would cite any other source. This promotes academic integrity and transparency.
Evaluate Your Summaries
To ensure you've effectively summarised in your own words, compare your summary with the original survey results. Look for any phrases or language that may be too similar. If you find overlaps, rewrite your summary to further distinguish it from the original.
By following these guidelines, you can confidently summarise your survey results while maintaining academic integrity and avoiding plagiarism. This demonstrates your ability to synthesise information and present it concisely while giving proper credit to the sources of your findings.
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Using ideas with proper citation
When using ideas from another source, it is essential to provide proper citations to avoid plagiarism. Here are some detailed guidelines on how to do this effectively:
Understanding Plagiarism
Firstly, it is crucial to recognize that plagiarism is not limited to copying someone else's words verbatim. It also includes using ideas or language from another source without adequately crediting the source. Plagiarism can occur even when you paraphrase or rewrite ideas in your own words. Therefore, it is essential to understand the various forms of plagiarism to avoid them.
In-Text Citations
When using ideas or language from another source, always provide in-text citations. This can be done through footnotes, parenthetical remarks, or in-text references. The purpose of in-text citations is to indicate that the information or idea is not originally yours and to provide a trail for the reader to find the original source. Make sure to follow a consistent citation style throughout your work.
Quotation Marks
If you are using the exact words or phrases from the source, place them in quotation marks. This clearly indicates to the reader that the language is not your own. Even if you are only using a portion of the original text, quotation marks are necessary. For example, if you are quoting a phrase like "autocatalytic process," which is distinctive, it should be placed in quotation marks and accompanied by a citation.
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing involves expressing the ideas or concepts from the source in your own words. However, it is not enough to simply change a few words or rearrange the sentence structure. You must genuinely understand the original idea and articulate it uniquely. Even when paraphrasing, always provide a citation to acknowledge the source of the idea. Putting away the original source while you write your paraphrase can help ensure that you are using your own words effectively.
Bibliography or Reference List
In addition to in-text citations, it is essential to include a bibliography or reference list at the end of your work. This provides a comprehensive list of all the sources you have used throughout your writing. Make sure to follow a consistent format for your references, such as APA or MLA style.
Online Sources
When using online sources, be extra vigilant. It is easy to cut and paste from websites, but always provide clear acknowledgments and include the sources in your bibliography. Understand that online sources may not have undergone the same scholarly peer review as published sources, so evaluate them carefully.
By following these guidelines, you can effectively use ideas from other sources while avoiding plagiarism. Remember, proper citation demonstrates academic integrity and gives credit where it is due.
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Using ideas with permission
Understanding Plagiarism
Plagiarism is a serious academic offence that involves presenting someone else's ideas, words, or work as your own without proper acknowledgement. It is considered intellectual theft and is unacceptable in all academic contexts, whether intentional or accidental. The ease of accessing information online and through various sources makes it crucial to be vigilant about acknowledging sources accurately.
- Clear Acknowledgement: When using ideas with permission, ensure that you clearly acknowledge the source. Include in-text citations and provide full references according to the required citation style (e.g., APA, MLA).
- Distinguishing Ideas: Make a clear distinction between your ideas and those of the original author. This involves properly citing direct quotations, paraphrases, or adaptations of their ideas.
- Obtaining Permission: Before using someone else's ideas, obtain explicit permission from the author or copyright holder. This can be done through written consent, licensing agreements, or other forms of authorized permission.
- Avoiding Mosaic Plagiarism: Mosaic plagiarism occurs when you use someone else's ideas too closely, even with permission. To avoid this, rewrite the ideas using different words and sentence structures. Ensure that your language and presentation are distinct from the original.
- Citing Multiple Sources: When using ideas from multiple sources with permission, ensure that you cite each source accurately. This includes acknowledging any adaptations, extensions, or combinations of ideas from different authors.
- Understanding Copyright Fair Use: Fair use laws may permit limited use of copyrighted material without explicit permission for purposes like criticism, commentary, news reporting, teaching, or research. However, this does not exempt you from properly attributing the source.
Examples
- Paraphrasing: You may have permission to use an author's idea, but it is important to paraphrase it effectively. Restate the idea in your own words, ensuring that your language and sentence structure are significantly different from the original. Provide proper in-text citations and references.
- Quoting: When directly quoting a permitted idea, use quotation marks and provide the necessary citations and references. Ensure that the quoted material is complemented by your own analysis or interpretation to demonstrate your understanding and avoid excessive reliance on the quoted material.
- Extending or Adapting Ideas: If you have permission to use an idea, you may extend or adapt it for your own work. Clearly state the original idea and then explain how you are building upon it, modifying it, or applying it in a new context. Always provide proper attribution.
Remember, using ideas with permission requires clear and accurate attribution. By following the guidelines outlined above, you can effectively integrate permitted ideas into your work while maintaining academic integrity and avoiding plagiarism.
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