Malcolm Rivera
The 1973 Constitution was ratified by the Filipino people, despite much opposition. The Supreme Court of the Philippines was divided on the issue, with six out of ten justices holding that there was no valid ratification. The 1973 Constitution was amended several times during its lifetime, with referendums and plebiscites conducted to ratify the amendments. These were all rigged and orchestrated by Marcos, who had total control of governmental agencies.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Date of ratification | 17 January 1973 |
| Who ratified it | The Filipino people |
| Who certified and proclaimed it | Marcos |
| Who challenged the results | The Supreme Court of the Philippines |
| Amendments | Introduced in 1976 |
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What You'll Learn
The 1973 Constitution was ratified by the Filipino people
On 17 January 1973, Marcos issued Proclamation No. 1102, certifying and proclaiming that the 1973 Constitution had been ratified by the Filipino people and was thereby in effect. This proclamation was questioned in Javellana v. Executive Secretary, which saw the Supreme Court severely divided on the issues. The 1973 Constitution was challenged during the Ratification Cases heard by the Supreme Court of the Philippines in 1973. Despite the voting, the Court decision stated in its dispositive portion that, "This being the vote of the majority, there is no further judicial obstacle to the new Constitution being considered in force and effect."
The 1973 Constitution was drafted by a Constitutional Convention, which adopted the final draft on 29 November 1972. It was then presented to Marcos on 1 December 1972. Citizens' assemblies were formed by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 86, signed on 31 December 1972. Through Presidential Decree No. 86-A, these citizens' assemblies held a referendum from 10 to 15 January 1973 for the ratification of the Constitution.
The 1973 Constitution was amended several times during its lifetime. These amendments were initially introduced to perpetuate Marcos' one-man rule or to introduce some semblance of democracy to his unpopular regime. The referenda and plebiscites that were conducted to ratify the amendments were all rigged, orchestrated, and made possible by his total control of governmental agencies like the bureaucracy, the military, and the Supreme Court.
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The 1973 Constitution was ratified by Marcos
On 17 January 1973, Ferdinand Marcos issued Proclamation No. 1102, certifying and proclaiming that the 1973 Constitution had been ratified by the Filipino people and was therefore in effect. This proclamation was questioned in Javellana v. Executive Secretary, which saw the Supreme Court severely divided on the issues. The 1973 Constitution was challenged during the Ratification Cases heard by the Supreme Court of the Philippines in 1973. Despite the voting, the Court decision stated in its dispositive portion that, "This being the vote of the majority, there is no further judicial obstacle to the new Constitution being considered in force and effect."
The 1973 Constitution was adopted by the Constitutional Convention on 29 November 1972 and presented to Marcos on 1 December 1972. Citizens' assemblies were then formed by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 86, signed on 31 December 1972. Through Presidential Decree No. 86-A, these citizens' assemblies held a referendum from 10 to 15 January 1973 for the ratification of the Constitution.
Despite the proclamation of the 1973 Constitution, there was much opposition to it. The Supreme Court of the Philippines was divided on the issues, and several amendments to the Constitution were introduced during its lifetime. These amendments were initiated primarily to perpetuate Marcos' one-man rule or to introduce some semblance of democracy to his unpopular regime by experimenting with various political systems. The referenda and plebiscites that were conducted to ratify the amendments were all rigged, orchestrated, and made possible by his total control of governmental agencies.
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The 1973 Constitution was ratified through a referendum
On 17 January 1973, Proclamation No. 1102 deemed the 1973 Constitution ratified by the Filipino people. This proclamation was questioned in Javellana v. Executive Secretary, which saw the Supreme Court severely divided on the issues. The case was also challenged during the Ratification Cases heard by the Supreme Court of the Philippines in 1973. Despite the voting, the Court decision stated that there was no further judicial obstacle to the new Constitution being considered in force and effect.
The 1973 Constitution was the final draft of the Constitution adopted by the Constitutional Convention on 29 November 1972. It was then presented to Marcos on 1 December 1972. Several amendments to the 1973 Constitution were introduced during its lifetime, and these were ratified in referendums.
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The 1973 Constitution was ratified despite much opposition
The 1973 Constitution was the result of a Constitutional Convention that adopted the final draft of the Constitution on 29 November 1972. It was then presented to Marcos on 1 December 1972. Citizens' assemblies were formed by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 86 signed on 31 December 1972. Through Presidential Decree No. 86-A, these citizens' assemblies held a referendum from 10 to 15 January 1973 for the ratification of the Constitution.
The 1973 Constitution was amended several times during its lifetime, with the referenda and plebiscites that were conducted to ratify the amendments all being rigged, orchestrated, and made possible by Marcos' total control of governmental agencies like the bureaucracy, the military, and the Supreme Court. The 1976 amendments, for example, were ratified in a referendum-plebiscite held in October 1976 and were proclaimed in full force and effect that month.
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The 1973 Constitution was ratified through rigged referenda and plebiscites
The 1973 Constitution was proclaimed to have been ratified by the Filipino people on 17 January 1973, by Proclamation No. 1102, issued by Marcos. This proclamation was challenged during the Ratification Cases heard by the Supreme Court of the Philippines in 1973. The Supreme Court was severely divided on the issues, and there was much opposition to the ratification.
The 1973 Constitution was ratified through referenda and plebiscites, which were all rigged, orchestrated, and made possible by Marcos' total control of governmental agencies like the bureaucracy, the military, and the Supreme Court. Marcos' one-man rule was perpetuated by the amendments to the 1973 Constitution, which were introduced through these rigged referenda and plebiscites. For example, the 1976 amendments were ratified in a referendum-plebiscite held in October 1976 and were proclaimed in full force and effect that month.
The Supreme Court decision stated that there was "no further judicial obstacle to the new Constitution being considered in force and effect", but this was not considered an outright decision on the merits, and six out of ten Justices held that there was no valid ratification in accordance with Article XV, Section 1 of the 1935 Constitution. This provides only one way for ratification, i.e., "in an election or plebiscite held in accordance with law and participated in only by qualified and duly registered voters".
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Frequently asked questions
The 1973 Constitution was ratified by the Filipino people.
The 1973 Constitution was ratified on 17 January 1973.
Marcos proclaimed the 1973 Constitution as ratified on 17 January 1973.
Yes, the ratification of the 1973 Constitution was challenged in the Supreme Court of the Philippines in 1973.
