Malcolm Rivera
Population groups are often separated by geographical location, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Population groups are used to draw conclusions about a specific group of people. In statistics, a population is a complete data set from which a sample is chosen. For example, the US homeless population in 2020 was over 580,000 people, constituting 1% of the population. The US population is becoming more racially and ethnically diverse, with a 61.1% chance that two people chosen at random will be from different racial or ethnic groups in 2020, compared to 54.9% in 2010. Other commonly identified population groups include ethnically diverse minorities, individuals in poverty, and indigenous or aboriginal peoples. Population groups are also separated by age and sex, which is essential for the analysis of demographic data.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Population | The entire group that you want to draw conclusions about |
| Sample | A specific group that you will collect data from |
| Population in statistics | A complete data set from which a statistically significant portion called a sample is chosen |
| Population parameter | A characteristic of a population |
| Sample statistic | A characteristic of a sample |
| Population in biology | A group of organisms of the same species that interbreed |
| Population groups | People who live with stigma, in marginalizing conditions, in underserved settings, the homeless or vulnerable groups |
| Population policy | Organized programs to make family planning information and services widely available |
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Homeless people
Homelessness is a significant issue in the United States, impacting people from all walks of life, regardless of age, race, ethnicity, gender identity, or sexual orientation. However, certain groups are disproportionately affected, facing higher risks and unique challenges.
In 2023, it was estimated that 653,104 Americans were homeless, representing 0.19% of the national population. This rate is the highest recorded in the past decade, indicating a growing crisis. The primary drivers of homelessness are complex and multifaceted, including economic stagnation, a shortage of affordable housing, and a rising cost of living. These factors disproportionately affect marginalized communities, with people of colour, LGBTQI+ youth, and individuals with pre-existing health issues being overrepresented among the homeless population.
Racial disparities in homelessness are stark, with the Black community experiencing homelessness at a rate nearly triple their population share. The Asian and Hispanic/Latino communities have also witnessed significant increases in homelessness in recent years, influenced by factors such as immigration and asylum-seeking. Additionally, Indigenous and Native American communities, though smaller in population size, have been consistently overrepresented among the homeless.
Homelessness among families with children is another pressing concern. There are currently 57,000 unhoused families with children under the age of 18 in the United States, amounting to 111,620 homeless children. Of these, more than 10,000 children are living outside shelters, and over 3,000 are living without guardians, navigating the challenges of homelessness alone. This crisis threatens to undo the progress made in the previous decade, where the number of people in families with minor children experiencing homelessness had shown a downward trend.
Chronic homelessness, defined as individuals with disabilities experiencing long-term or repeated episodes of homelessness, is also prevalent. In 2023, nearly one-third of all unhoused individuals exhibited chronic patterns of homelessness, the highest proportion ever recorded. This group faces unique challenges, including limited access to shelters due to discriminatory policies that exclude those with disabilities or require sobriety. As a result, they are often forced to remain on the streets, enduring constant threats to their health, safety, and well-being.
The underlying causes of homelessness are deeply rooted in systemic failures, including historical and ongoing racism, inadequate social safety nets, inequitable access to healthcare and education, and failed housing policies. Addressing these systemic issues is crucial to alleviating the homelessness crisis and ensuring that all individuals have access to safe and affordable housing.
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Ethnic minorities
In the United States, for example, ethnic minorities constitute a significant portion of the population, with approximately 39% of the population identifying as racial or ethnic minorities as of 2020. This includes groups such as African Americans, Hispanic or Latinx Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, Pacific Islanders, and multiracial individuals. Each of these groups has unique histories, cultures, and experiences that shape their place in American society.
The term "minority" itself can be misleading, as it solely refers to numerical representation. Ethnic minorities may face various social, economic, and political challenges, including discrimination, marginalization, and a lack of representation in various sectors. They may also experience disparities in areas such as education, employment, healthcare, and criminal justice, which can impact their overall well-being and opportunities.
Recognizing and addressing the unique challenges faced by ethnic minorities is crucial for fostering equality and social justice. This includes promoting cultural diversity and inclusion, combating discrimination and bias, and ensuring equitable access to opportunities and resources. Empowering ethnic minority communities involves acknowledging their distinct contributions, protecting their civil rights, and promoting their representation in various spheres, including politics, media, and leadership positions.
In conclusion, ethnic minorities constitute a significant and diverse portion of the global population. Understanding and addressing their specific needs and challenges is essential for creating a more equitable and inclusive society, where all individuals, regardless of their ethnic background, have the opportunity to thrive and contribute to the collective social fabric.
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Indigenous people
In Latin America, Indigenous peoples form a significant portion of the overall national population. In Bolivia, they are estimated to account for 56-70% of the total population. In Sri Lanka, the Indigenous Vedda people constitute a small minority, while the Ainu people are an ethnic group indigenous to Hokkaido, the Kuril Islands, and much of Sakhalin in Japan.
In New Zealand, the proportion of full or part Māori of the population was estimated to be 17% as of June 2021, with Māori developing from Polynesian people who settled in New Zealand after migrations from other Pacific islands, likely in the 13th century. A majority of the population of Papua New Guinea is Indigenous, with over 700 different nationalities recognized in a total population of 8 million.
The concept of Indigenous peoples has evolved over time, and in the 21st century, it encompasses self-identification, cultural differences from other groups, a special relationship with traditional territories, and experiences of subjugation and discrimination under dominant cultural models. The World Bank works closely with governments, Indigenous Peoples, and development partners to recognize and support the unique vision, knowledge, and contributions of Indigenous Peoples, promoting their well-being through various interventions.
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People in poverty
Financial resources are a critical aspect of poverty. Individuals and families are considered impoverished when their total income falls below established thresholds. These thresholds, determined by the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Statistical Policy Directive 14, take into account family size and composition. Absolute poverty is measured by comparing income to the amount needed for essential needs such as food, clothing, and shelter. According to the World Bank, absolute poverty is defined as living on less than $1.90 per day, although this figure has been criticised as too low and flawed. Estimates suggest that a more realistic poverty line could be $5 to $15 per day, with some proposing a minimum of $7.40. As of 2019, it was estimated that 85% of people live on less than $30 per day, with two-thirds living on less than $10 per day, and 10% living on less than $1.90 per day.
Beyond income, poverty also entails a lack of access to essential resources and opportunities. Residents of impoverished communities often face challenges such as unstable housing, limited access to nutritious food, and unsafe neighbourhoods. Poverty can further restrict educational and employment opportunities, perpetuating income inequality and creating a cycle of poverty that spans generations. Children are the largest age group experiencing poverty, and they are more likely to continue facing poverty as adults.
The impact of poverty extends to health, with impoverished individuals and communities experiencing worse health outcomes. Limited financial resources can hinder access to health insurance, medical treatments, and medications. Additionally, environmental factors associated with poverty, such as neighbourhood violence and a lack of healthy food options, can further exacerbate health issues. Mental illness, chronic diseases, higher mortality rates, and lower life expectancy are all linked to poverty.
Poverty is not evenly distributed across society, and certain groups are disproportionately affected. For example, racial and ethnic minorities, people with disabilities, and those living in rural areas are at a higher risk of poverty due to factors beyond their control, such as institutional racism and discrimination.
Addressing poverty involves implementing strategies that improve economic mobility and reduce socioeconomic inequality. Tax credits, social assistance programs, and initiatives like Medicaid and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) in the United States can provide financial relief and improve access to healthcare and nutrition for low-income individuals and families.
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Students
Stratified sampling is a technique that highlights differences among groups within a population. It involves dividing the population into distinct groups (strata) based on specific characteristics such as grade level or gender, and then randomly selecting a proportional number of students from each stratum. This ensures that every subgroup is proportionately represented in the sample. For instance, if a researcher wants to know the number of MBA students who received a job offer within three months of graduation, they could take a simple random sample of 50,000 MBA graduates and run a survey. However, to gain more insights, they could divide the population into strata based on gender, age range, race, country of nationality, and career background, and then randomly select a sample from each stratum.
When conducting research with students, it is important to ensure that participation is voluntary and that the information about the research project is presented in a language that is understandable to the students. This is especially important when dealing with vulnerable populations, such as children, where additional safeguards must be in place to protect the rights and welfare of the subjects. While incentives to participate are permissible, researchers must be cautious that these do not constitute undue influence.
In summary, students can be a population class for research studies, and stratified random sampling is a useful technique to gain insights into different subgroups within the student population. By dividing the students into distinct groups and randomly selecting samples from each group, researchers can ensure that every subgroup is adequately represented in the study.
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