Eleanor Finch
Paradiplomacy, a term coined in the 1980s by Ivo Duchacek and Panayotis Soldatos, refers to the direct and indirect entries of non-central governments into the field of international relations. It has been used to address a range of issues, including immigration management. For instance, the Brazilian state of São Paulo signed an agreement with Japan in 1907, marking the first formal diplomatic agreement involving a subnational government. In recent years, the concept of city diplomacy has gained traction, with cities like São Paulo pursuing 'city-diplomacy' and signing direct bilateral agreements with countries like the US and UK. In the context of illegal immigration, paradiplomacy can play a role in facilitating cooperation between countries and sub-national communities to address this issue. For example, China has signalled its willingness to cooperate with the US in tackling illegal migration, recognising it as an international issue that requires international cooperation.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| First emergence | The first envoys of non-sovereign subnational governments acting as diplomatic representatives can be traced back to the second half of the nineteenth century. |
| First formal diplomatic agreement | The first formal diplomatic agreement involving a subnational government may have been signed in 1907 between the Brazilian state of São Paulo and Japan for immigration management purposes. |
| First use of the term | The term paradiplomacy was first used in the 1980s through the work of Ivo Duchacek and Panayotis Soldatos. |
| Definition | Direct and indirect entries of non-central governments into the field of international relations. |
| Other denominations | Multilayered diplomacy, substate or subnational diplomacy, decentralized cooperation, people-to-people diplomacy, intermestic affairs, city diplomacy, and public diplomacy. |
| Examples | The Agreement on Special Parallel Relations signed between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) and Republika Srpska in 1997. São Paulo has aggressively pursued city diplomacy and has signed direct bilateral agreements with the US and Britain. |
| Application to illegal immigration | Paradiplomacy can be used to tackle illegal immigration by having countries cooperate to repatriate illegal immigrants and maintain the order of the international flow of people. |
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What You'll Learn
The role of non-state actors in para diplomacy
Paradiplomacy, a term coined in the 1980s by Ivo Duchacek and Panayotis Soldatos, refers to the "direct and indirect entries of non-central governments into the field of international relations". It involves the participation of both state and non-state actors, with the latter playing an increasingly important role in maintaining dialogue and advancing new issues.
Non-state actors in paradiplomacy include non-governmental organizations (NGOs), civil society agents, multinational corporations, industry associations, and international organizations. These actors bring expertise, local and global networks, and a positive reputation to the table, enhancing public diplomacy efforts. For example, after the 2004 tsunami in Indonesia, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) collaborated with Muslim Indonesian NGOs to rebuild the country, demonstrating the positive impact of non-state actors in international relations.
In addition to addressing specific issues, non-state actors also engage in dialogue with governments and publics, often having closer connections to citizens and a better understanding of their needs. They have become stakeholders and partners of governments, influencing policy design and implementation. For instance, the Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO) in the United States has an extensive network, including multinational companies and connections with government officials, allowing them to influence biotechnology-related policies.
Furthermore, non-state actors have contributed to programs that promote mutual interests and enhance the reputation of the countries they represent. They also participate in international conventions, forums, and negotiations, working alongside state actors to achieve common goals.
The role of non-state actors in paradiplomacy has evolved to become a significant aspect of international relations, with their influence, resources, and engagement strategies making them valuable stakeholders in public diplomacy.
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The impact of migration diplomacy on interstate relations
The term "paradiplomacy" refers to the actions of non-central governments in the field of international relations, implying movement alongside, aside from, or against national diplomacy. It has been used to describe informal track-two diplomacy and is often associated with subnational diplomacy, decentralized cooperation, and people-to-people diplomacy.
Migration diplomacy, a concept that emerged in the early 2000s, refers to the use of diplomatic tools to manage and control different types of mobility, including immigration, emigration, asylum, and exile. It involves employing bilateral, multilateral, and sectoral diplomacy levers such as development aid, trade policy, military strategy, and cultural initiatives to regulate migratory flows. Migration diplomacy is not merely a response to globalization or the pursuit of strategic interests; it challenges fundamental concepts like statehood, violence, and the international order.
Migration has become an integral aspect of bilateral and multilateral diplomatic relations, with states employing various strategies to encourage or restrict migratory flows. For instance, states may offer preferential treatment to certain foreign nationals, establish guest-worker programs, or resort to the expulsion of foreign nationals. Migration diplomacy also extends beyond state actors, encompassing non-state entities such as migrant networks, humanitarian organizations, businesses, and transnational mafias, all of which can influence diplomatic relations by strengthening or destabilizing countries or political actors.
In conclusion, migration diplomacy has emerged as a critical framework for addressing the complexities of modern diplomacy and interstate relations. It challenges traditional notions of statehood and sovereignty while highlighting the interconnectedness of domestic and foreign policy. As a result, migration diplomacy has reshaped geopolitical landscapes and continues to influence the dynamics between states, impacting their bilateral and multilateral relations.
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City diplomacy and its use in tackling illegal immigration
City diplomacy has become an increasingly important tool in the context of globalisation and cross-border interactions. It refers to the direct or indirect involvement of non-central governments in international relations, including immigration management. City diplomacy is particularly relevant in addressing illegal immigration, where local governments intervene to uphold universal norms when national policies fall short or contradict global standards.
The concept of paradiplomacy, encompassing city diplomacy, has evolved over time, with the first envoys of non-sovereign subnational governments acting as diplomatic representatives traced back to the nineteenth century. The term "paradiplomacy" was later defined in the 1980s by Ivo Duchacek and Panayotis Soldatos, referring to the entries of non-central governments into international relations. City diplomacy, as a strand of paradiplomacy, has gained recognition in organisations like the United Cities and Local Governments and the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group.
The role of cities in immigration management is significant, as they can act as guardians of social justice by challenging national policies that are driven by commercial interests or xenophobic sentiments. For example, in response to Trump's anti-immigration policies in the United States, several cities and state governments established sanctuary jurisdictions, protecting undocumented immigrants and challenging federal funding threats.
Additionally, cities can pursue bilateral agreements and partnerships to address immigration issues. For instance, the Brazilian state of São Paulo signed an agreement with Japan in 1907 for immigration management, and it has also forged direct bilateral agreements with the United States and Britain, showcasing its proactive approach to city diplomacy.
In conclusion, city diplomacy provides a mechanism for local governments to intervene in foreign affairs, particularly in addressing illegal immigration. By doing so, cities can uphold universal norms, protect vulnerable populations, and pursue cooperative agreements that benefit their constituents. This form of diplomacy empowers local communities to have a voice in global affairs and shape their future.
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The importance of cross-border mobility management
Paradiplomacy, a term that combines the Greek word "para" with "diplomacy", refers to the actions of non-central governments in the field of international relations. It has been used to address illegal immigration, with the first formal diplomatic agreement involving a subnational government being signed in 1907 between the Brazilian state of São Paulo and Japan for immigration management.
Firstly, managing cross-border mobility is essential for maintaining the security and integrity of national borders. Countries have a responsibility to protect their citizens and residents by preventing the illegal entry of individuals who may pose a threat to society. This includes deterring and apprehending human smugglers and traffickers who exploit vulnerable migrants for financial gain. By effectively managing cross-border mobility, nations can identify and address potential security risks, such as the illegal transportation of weapons, drugs, or other contraband.
Secondly, the management of cross-border mobility is crucial for protecting the rights and well-being of migrants. Migrants are often vulnerable to exploitation, human trafficking, and abuse during their journeys. Effective management can ensure that migrants have access to safe and legal pathways, reducing their exposure to dangerous situations. It also enables the provision of essential services, such as medical care, food, and shelter, for those who need them.
Thirdly, cross-border mobility management plays a vital role in fostering economic development and international cooperation. Regulating the flow of migrants can help meet labour market demands and contribute to the economic growth of both sending and receiving countries. Well-managed migration policies can lead to the exchange of knowledge, skills, and cultural enrichment, benefiting societies as a whole.
Finally, effective cross-border mobility management is essential for maintaining positive international relations. Migration is an increasingly prominent issue in diplomatic relations, and countries must work together to address it. By cooperating to manage migration flows, nations can strengthen their bilateral and multilateral relationships, promoting stability and mutual understanding.
In conclusion, the importance of cross-border mobility management cannot be overstated. It is a critical component of international relations, impacting security, economics, and humanitarian concerns. Effective management ensures the safety and prosperity of nations while protecting the rights and well-being of migrants. As illegal immigration continues to be a global challenge, the role of paradiplomacy in tackling this issue becomes increasingly significant.
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The use of migration as a strategic resource
Paradiplomacy is a term that combines the Greek word "para" with "diplomacy" to imply actions alongside, aside from, apart from, and even against national diplomacy. The term "paradiplomacy" has been used to refer to informal track-two diplomacy, but its definition has evolved to refer to the "direct and indirect entries of non-central governments into the field of international relations".
Recruitment programs, for example, have historically provided relatively poor people with work opportunities abroad, fitting within the dual labor-market theory. Additionally, family members often pool their resources to invest in the migration of one or more family members, which aligns with the new economics of labor migration (NELM). NELM conceptualizes migration as a risk-sharing strategy by households to diversify their income, generate remittances, and improve long-term family wellbeing.
In the context of para-diplomacy, migration can be a strategic resource by facilitating international cooperation and contributing to social change. For instance, the first formal diplomatic agreement involving a subnational government was signed in 1907 between the Brazilian state of São Paulo and Japan for immigration management purposes. São Paulo has also aggressively pursued city diplomacy, signing direct bilateral agreements with the United States and Britain, further showcasing the potential of migration as a strategic resource in international relations.
Furthermore, as cross-border contacts become imperative for sub-national communities, diplomacy is becoming a decentralized prerogative. Some states formally recognize the stakes their political and administrative units have in foreign affairs and have set the required legal basis at a constitutional level. For example, an amendment to the Argentine constitution allows its provinces to establish treaties and agreements with foreign nations for administration, economic interests, or common utility works.
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Frequently asked questions
Paradiplomacy is a term that combines the Greek word "para" with "diplomacy" to imply actions alongside, aside from, or against national diplomacy. The term has been used to refer to informal track-two diplomacy, and its modern definition was proposed in the 1980s by Ivo Duchacek and Panayotis Soldatos.
Paradiplomacy can be a tool used by nations to address illegal immigration through international cooperation and agreements. For example, the Chinese embassy in the US has stated its opposition to illegal immigration and its willingness to cooperate with the US on this issue.
Migration diplomacy refers to the use of diplomatic tools to control different types of mobility, including immigration, emigration, asylum, and exile. It involves employing bilateral, multilateral, and sectoral diplomacy to regulate migratory flows. Migration diplomacy intersects with paradiplomacy when sub-national governments engage in international relations to address migration issues, such as through city diplomacy or direct bilateral agreements.
