Isabella Carter
Hungary has existed as a monarchy, a dual monarchy, a constitutional monarchy, and a republic at various points in its history. The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that lasted from 1000 to 1946. From 1867 to 1918, Hungary was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a dual monarchy consisting of two sovereign states with a single monarch. In 1918, Hungary became a republic, and in 1920, it was briefly restored as a constitutional monarchy. However, the monarchy was abolished in 1946, and Hungary became a republic once more.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Current Government of Hungary | Republic |
| Monarchy Status | Abolished |
| Last Monarch | King Charles IV |
| Year of Deposition of Last King | 1918 |
| Year of Selection of Regent | 1920 |
| Name of Regent | Miklós Horthy |
| Year of Annexation of Territories Connected to Hungarian Crown into Austria-Hungary | 1867 |
| Name of the Annexed Territories | Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen |
| Year of Annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1908 |
| Year of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise | 1867 |
| Year of Hungarian Civil Conflict | 1920 |
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What You'll Learn
The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy for nearly a millennium
The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from 1000 to 1946. The monarchy was a key part of the Habsburg monarchy from 1526 to 1918. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of its first king, Stephen I, at Esztergom in 1000. His family, the Árpád dynasty, ruled the kingdom for 300 years. The Árpád dynasty also influenced almost all of Europe through its extensive dynastic connections.
In the 12th century, the Kingdom of Hungary became a European power. However, due to the Ottoman occupation of central and southern territories in the 16th century, the kingdom was partitioned into three parts: the Habsburg Royal Hungary, Ottoman Hungary, and the semi-independent Principality of Transylvania. The House of Habsburg held the Hungarian throne after the Battle of Mohács in 1526, continuously until 1918. The Habsburgs played a crucial role in the liberation wars against the Ottoman Empire.
In 1867, territories connected to the Hungarian crown were incorporated into Austria-Hungary, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy. This union was a constitutional monarchy consisting of two sovereign states with a single monarch, who was both the Emperor of Austria and the King of Hungary. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 restored territorial integrity to Hungary and granted it substantial internal independence. However, in foreign affairs and defence, Hungary was still a part of the monarchy, and its interests had to be coordinated with those of its other components.
The monarchy in Hungary ended with the deposition of the last king, Charles IV, in 1918, after which the country became a republic. The kingdom was nominally restored during the "Regency" of 1920–1946, but it ended under Soviet occupation in 1946. In 1945, the freely elected Hungarian government was forced to yield to the Communist Party, and a communist state was established. The Soviet occupation was swept away by the Hungarian uprising in 1956, but it was restored and lasted until 1989 when free elections were held in 1990. Today, Hungary is a republic, and the Kingdom is regarded as a stage in the country's development.
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The monarchy ended in 1918, Hungary became a republic
The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from 1000 to 1946. It was a key part of the Habsburg monarchy from 1526 to 1918. The monarchy ended with the deposition of the last king, Charles IV, in 1918, after which Hungary became a republic. The Kingdom of Hungary was a multiethnic state that covered what is today Hungary, Slovakia, Transylvania, and other parts of Romania, among other territories.
In 1867, territories connected to the Hungarian crown were incorporated into Austria-Hungary under the name of Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen. This union was the result of a constitutional compromise (Ausgleich) between Emperor Franz Joseph and Hungary, which was then part of the empire. It consisted of diverse dynastic possessions and an internally autonomous kingdom of Hungary. Hungary received full internal autonomy and a responsible ministry, while the empire remained a single great state for purposes of war and foreign affairs.
The monarchy ended in 1918, and Hungary became a republic. On 31 October 1918, King Charles IV appointed the leader of the revolt, Mihály Károlyi, as Hungarian prime minister. A few days later, the provisional government proclaimed Hungary a people's republic, with Károlyi as both prime minister and interim president. This event ended 400 years of rule by the House of Habsburg. The Hungarian People's Republic was adopted as the official name of the country on 16 November 1918 and remained in use until the overthrow of the Dénes Berinkey government on 21 March 1919.
The Kingdom of Hungary was restored in 1920 as a constitutional monarchy, but this was short-lived, ending under Soviet occupation in 1946. The Hungarian People's Republic, a professed communist state, was established on 20 August 1949 and lasted until the establishment of the current Republic of Hungary on 23 October 1989.
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Hungary was part of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 restored territorial integrity to Hungary and gave it more real internal independence than it had enjoyed since 1526. The monarch's powers in internal affairs were strictly limited. However, in the conduct of foreign affairs and defence, Hungary formed only a part of the monarchy, and its interests in these fields had to be coordinated with those of its other components. Hungary had a large voice in the monarchy's foreign and defence policies and enjoyed the advantage of having the resources of a great power behind it.
The Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy was formed in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War and following wars of independence by Hungary in opposition to Habsburg rule. The two countries first formed a customs union. The respective quotas to be paid for these services by each half of the monarchy were reconsidered every 10 years, as were commercial and customs agreements. The two countries conducted unified diplomatic and defence policies, with "'common'" ministries of foreign affairs and defence under the monarch's direct authority. A third finance ministry was responsible for financing these two "common" portfolios.
The Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy was geographically the second-largest country in Europe and the third most populous, after Russia and the German Empire. It was regarded as a golden era by Austrian Jews, who were promoted to positions of command in the pre-World War I military forces.
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The Hungarian government was forced to yield to the Hungarian Communist Party in 1945
Hungary was once a constitutional monarchy, but it is not anymore. The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from 1000 to 1946. From 1867, territories connected to the Hungarian crown were incorporated into Austria-Hungary under the name of Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen. This was a constitutional monarchy with a single monarch who was titled both Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. The monarchy ended with the deposition of the last king, Charles IV, in 1918, after which Hungary became a republic.
In 1945, towards the end of World War II, Hungary was occupied by the Soviet Union. The Red Army had been en route to the Kingdom of Hungary since 1944, after first having repelled the Royal Hungarian Army and the armies of the other Axis Powers from the territory of the USSR. The Hungarian government, fearing Soviet occupation, sought an armistice with the Allies, which was a betrayal of the Axis powers. In response, the Germans established a short-lived puppet government in Hungary in 1944. In 1945, Soviet forces laid siege to Budapest, and Hungary was occupied by the Soviet Union.
In 1946, the monarchy was abolished, and Hungary became a republic. The Soviet Union pressed Hungarian leader Mátyás Rákosi to take a "line of more pronounced class struggle", and Hungary became a communist state. This lasted until 1956, when the Hungarian Revolution swept away Soviet occupation. However, the Soviets re-established occupation after repressing the uprising, and it lasted until 1989 when the Communists agreed to give up their monopoly on power, allowing for free elections in 1990.
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The monarchy was abolished in 1946
Hungary is not a constitutional monarchy. The monarchy was abolished in 1946, and the country became a republic.
The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from 1000 to 1946. It was a key part of the Habsburg monarchy from 1526 to 1918. The Kingdom of Hungary was a multi-ethnic state that covered what is today Hungary, Slovakia, Transylvania, and parts of Romania, Ukraine, Serbia, Austria, Croatia, Slovenia, and Poland. In 1918, the Kingdom of Hungary ended with the deposition of the last king, Charles IV, and Hungary became a republic.
From 1867 to 1918, territories connected to the Hungarian crown were incorporated into Austria-Hungary, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy. This union was formed through a constitutional agreement known as the Compromise, which gave Hungary more internal independence but limited the monarch's powers in internal affairs. However, in foreign affairs and defence, Hungary was still only a part of the monarchy, and its interests had to be coordinated with those of its other components.
After World War I, the Hungarian Democratic Republic and then the Hungarian Soviet Republic were briefly proclaimed in 1918 and 1919, respectively. The short-lived communist government launched a violent purge of anti-communists, known as the "Red Terror". This was followed by a period of civil conflict, with Hungarian anti-communists and monarchists purging communists and other groups they felt threatened by. In 1920, the Kingdom of Hungary was restored, and Hungary's status as a constitutional monarchy was reinstated. However, the selection of a new king was delayed due to civil infighting, and a regent, Miklós Horthy, was appointed to represent the monarchy.
In 1944, with World War II raging, Horthy attempted to negotiate with the Allies and avoid occupation by the Soviet Union. This led to his overthrow by German forces, who installed a pro-Nazi regime. The monarchy was formally abolished on 1 February 1946, under Soviet occupation, and the Second Hungarian Republic was established. This was quickly followed by the creation of the Hungarian People's Republic, a communist state that lasted until the Hungarian uprising of 1956.
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Frequently asked questions
No, Hungary is not a constitutional monarchy. The monarchy ended with the deposition of the last king, Charles IV, in 1918, after which Hungary became a republic.
Yes, the Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from 1000 to 1946.
The monarchy in Hungary ended in 1946, after the Soviet occupation.
The last king of Hungary was Charles IV.
Hungary is now known as the Republic of Hungary.
