Jonah Patel
Materials Science and Engineering is a field that involves the study of materials and their properties, processing, and applications. It covers a wide range of materials, including ceramics, polymers, semiconductors, magnetic materials, biomaterials, and nanomaterials. The field has evolved from metallurgy and ceramics, with modern advancements focusing on the macro and micro-level understanding of materials to design them for specific desired properties. Materials science is applied in various industries, including forensic engineering, failure analysis, and load-bearing capacity assessments, where the properties of materials are crucial for their usability and engineering applications. Journals such as Materials Science and Engineering A and Materials Science and Engineering C provide a platform for publishing studies related to these topics.
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What You'll Learn
Constitutional materials in federal government documents
The United States Code (USC) is a fundamental resource for accessing constitutional materials. The USC is published every six years and contains the current laws of the United States, organised into 54 subject-based titles. Annotated versions of the USC, such as Westlaw and Lexis, are particularly useful as they are updated more frequently and include references to legislative history, court decisions, and secondary sources. These annotations provide valuable context and insights into the interpretation and application of the law.
The Legislative History of federal laws can be traced through various databases, such as HeinOnline's U.S. Federal Legislative History Library, which is accessible to the Loyola community. The Sources of Compiled Legislative History database within HeinOnline identifies legislative history compilations for major laws. Additionally, the Proquest Legislative Insight database offers valuable insights into the legislative process.
The American Memory Project, hosted by the Library of Congress, is an invaluable resource for constitutional materials. It provides access to documents from the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention from 1774 to 1789, offering a glimpse into the nation's foundational moments. The Founders' Constitution, published in 1986, is another critical resource, often hailed as "the Oxford English Dictionary of American constitutional history."
Court materials are also essential constitutional materials. The Federal Court Locator provides information on locating court locations and contact information. Websites of various courts, such as the U.S. Supreme Court, Appellate Courts, District Courts, and Bankruptcy Courts, offer additional insights. Licensed databases like Westlaw, Lexis, and HeinOnline provide access to federal court materials, although access may be restricted to specific educational institutions or communities.
Accessing constitutional materials in federal government documents is facilitated by various educational institutions and libraries. The Loyola University Chicago Law Library and the University of New Mexico School of Law provide guides and resources for researching federal law and government documents. These institutions offer insights into licensed databases, free Internet resources, and print publications that aid in navigating the complex landscape of constitutional materials.
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Transcripts of the Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence is a document stating that the Thirteen American Colonies in the 18th century were no longer under British rule and were now independent states. The document was written in 1776, and its creation was influenced by the political philosophy of the Enlightenment and ideas espoused by Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke.
The Declaration of Independence has been described as "the most potent and consequential words in American history". It has had a significant impact on the course of American history and government, shaping the country's identity and political system.
"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness."
"Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind is more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security."
"Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world."
"...He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures. He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation: For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world..."
"...In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends. We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor."
The transcript of the Declaration of Independence can be found on the website of the National Archives. It is also included in a publication by Monticello, which includes a rough draft of the Declaration.
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Journals on experimental mechanics
Mechanics of Materials
Published by Elsevier on ScienceDirect.com, Mechanics of Materials is a journal dedicated to the field of solid mechanics and materials. It aims to disseminate research across a broad spectrum of engineering and natural materials. The journal covers a range of topics, including the flow, fracture, and general constitutive behaviour of advanced technological and natural materials. It encourages submissions on emerging areas such as 3D printing, additive manufacturing, bio-inspired materials, and 2D materials like graphene and thin films. Mechanics of Materials provides a platform for original scientific research, with a focus on the mechanical description of substructures from nano to macro scales.
Materials Science and Engineering: A
This journal, also published by Elsevier on ScienceDirect.com, provides an international platform for the publication of theoretical and experimental studies. It focuses on the load-bearing capacity of materials and how it is influenced by their basic properties, processing history, microstructure, and operating environment. The journal welcomes submissions that explore the scientific and engineering factors affecting the microstructure-strength relationships of materials and report on changes in mechanical behaviour. However, it no longer accepts papers on concrete, cement-based systems, or polymeric materials unless they address novel mechanical behaviour.
Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids
Available on ScienceDirect.com, this journal, published by Elsevier, aims to disseminate high-quality and significant research on the mechanics of solids. It has a broad scope and accepts submissions from a wide range of topics within the field. The journal charges a fee for publishing articles, but there is no cost for authors, and published articles are immediately available to subscribers.
Scripta Materialia
Scripta Materialia is a letters journal of Acta Materialia with an impact factor of 5.3. It provides a rapid publication platform for short communications exploring the relationship between the structure and properties of inorganic materials. The journal prioritizes papers that advance the field through experimental, computational, theoretical, data science, and machine learning approaches. Scripta Materialia also publishes Viewpoints, which are short articles focused on current topics within the scope of the journal.
The Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
This journal, with an impact factor of 3.3, focuses on the mechanical deformation, damage, and failure of biological materials at tissue, cellular, and molecular levels. It explores the synthesis of materials science, biology, and medical and dental science. The journal welcomes both experimental and theoretical work, with theoretical papers typically including comparisons between predictions and experimental data. It provides a platform for interdisciplinary collaboration between material scientists, engineers, designers, and manufacturers.
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Journals on electrochemical energy systems
Electrochemical energy systems are an important area of research, with a focus on processes, components, devices, and systems that store and convert electrical and chemical energy. Journals on this topic include:
Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage
Published by ASME, this journal focuses on electrochemical engineering, energy storage, conversion, novel materials, analysis and design of components, devices, and systems, as well as advanced materials characterization and innovative material synthesis. It publishes peer-reviewed, archival scholarly articles, research papers, technical briefs, review articles, perspective articles, and special volumes. Some recent articles include:
- "Analysis of Thermal Runaway Temperature Characteristics, Gas Composition, and Thermal Runaway Products of Semi-Solid Li(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)O2 Battery"
- "Study on the Safety Performance Parameters of Lithium-Ion Batteries Under Unconventional Extrusion Conditions"
- "Energy Management of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Considering Battery and Fuel Cell Parameters Using Multi-Objective Optimization for Dynamic Driving Cycles"
Materials Science and Engineering: A
This journal, published by Elsevier, provides an international medium for the publication of theoretical and experimental studies related to the load-bearing capacity of materials. It focuses on the basic properties, processing history, microstructure, and operating environment that influence material behaviour. Some recent articles include:
- "Mechanics of functionally graded cellular structures: A review"
- "On the effect of crystallographic texture on the mechanical properties of additively manufactured metals: A review"
- "A review on the effect of microstructure on the mechanical properties of metallic glasses"
Other Journals
Other journals that publish articles on electrochemical energy systems include:
- Journal of Applied Mechanics
- Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement and Control
- Journal of Energy Resources Technology
- Journal of Fluids Engineering
- Journal of Manufacturing and Engineering Science
- Journal of Mechanical Design
- Journal of Tribology
- Journal of Turbomachinery
- Journal of Vibration and Acoustics
- Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
- Energy Engineering and Power Technology
- Fuel Technology
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Employment opportunities for materials scientists and engineers
Materials scientists and engineers are in high demand across a broad array of industries. They are employed in standard materials industries such as aerospace, automotive, construction, infrastructure, and consumer goods. They also work in the mechanical, electronic, biomedical, energy, renewable resources, chemical processing, and semiconductor industries. Materials engineers are also needed in offices, factories, and research and development laboratories.
Materials scientists and engineers are involved in various aspects of product development. They work with design teams to select materials, develop prototypes, conduct testing, and ensure that materials meet required specifications. They study and conduct experiments to analyze natural phenomena and develop new materials or devices. They also test materials to ensure that safety and quality standards are met.
Materials scientists and engineers are also responsible for writing technical reports and presenting their research findings to scientists, engineers, and other colleagues. They may also need to prepare proposals and budgets, analyze labor costs, and perform other managerial tasks.
Materials engineers typically need a bachelor's degree in materials science and engineering or a related engineering field. Internships and cooperative-engineering programs can provide valuable hands-on experience and make candidates more attractive to employers. With a Fundamentals of Engineering license and work experience, materials engineers can acquire a Professional Engineer license, which can lead to more career advancement opportunities.
The job outlook for materials engineers is positive, with employment projected to grow by 7% from 2023 to 2033, faster than the average for all occupations. The median annual wage for materials engineers was $108,310 in May 2024, and about 1,700 openings for materials engineers are projected each year over the same decade.
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